header image

Shabbat (DRAFT)

Shabbat (DRAFT) Living within and without Halakha A Post-Halakhic Guide to Shabbat How to Be Zokher Shabbat If You Are Not Shomer Shabbat by Benjamin fleischer

Rest Shabbat means cessation. During Israel’s formative years, the surrounding nations saw Šapattu as unlucky days where one should stay at home and to do nothing industrious (”Let everyone remain where he is: let no man leave his place on the seventh day.” Exodus 16:30b). The religion of Israel transformed this idea of shevitah ?????, cessation, into a positive day of rest.

“12 Six days you shall do your work, but on the seventh day you shall cease from labor, in order that your ox and your ass may rest, and that your bondman and the stranger may be refreshed.” Exodus 23:12

The refreshing rest is meant to be complete for you and your household. Three reasons for this rest are given:

“Remember the sabbath day and keep it holy. Six days you shall labor and do all your work but the seventh day is a sabbath of the Lord your God… For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth and sea and all that is in them, and He rested on the seventh day; therefore the Lord blessed the sabbath day and hallowed it.” Exodus 20:8-9a,11

“Remember that you were a slave in Egypt and the Lord your God freed you from there with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm; therefore the Lord your God has commanded you to observe the Sabbath day.” Deut. 5:15

“1 The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: 2 Speak to the whole Israelite community and say to them: You shall be holy, for I, the Lord your God, am holy. 3 You shall each revere his mother and his father, and keep My sabbaths: I the Lord am your God.” Leviticus 19:1-3

In the first explanation, we are to rest because God rested. In the second, we are to celebrate our freedom from an enforced workweek. And lastly, there is an element of holiness, aspirating to a higher, god-like level, in the last explanation. Sabbath as cessation from building the Tabernacle.

“Speak to the Israelite people and say: Nevertheless, you must keep My sabbaths, for this is a sign between Me and you throughout the ages, that you may know that I the Lord have consecrated you.” Exodus 31:13

Lastly, there is an idea that the rest is from the creative act of building a Tabernacle, which should be prepared during the six days of labor.
Preparation- Create a Holy Space in Time

” 9 Six days you shall labor and do all your work,10 but the seventh day is a sabbath of the Lord your God: you shall not do any work — you, your son or daughter, your male or female slave, or your cattle, or the stranger who is within your settlements.” Exodus 20:9-10

This means, all your work should be done in the six days (#source). Try to avoid things that you could put off to the weekday. Try to avoid doctor’s appointments.
Oneg Shabbat This important principle, the delight of Shabbat, comes from the below text in Isaiah.

“13 If you refrain from trampling the sabbath, From pursuing your affairs on My holy day; If you call the sabbath “delight,” The Lord’s holy day “honored”; And if you honor it and go not your ways Nor look to your affairs, nor strike bargains– 14 Then you can seek the favor of the Lord.” Isaiah 58:13-14

The idea in the text is that oneg Shabbat is not pursuing your everday affairs. Traditionally oneg Shabbat meant dressing up, good food, and singing. I use it here as a principle to decide which activiites are “usual affairs” that detract from the joy of the day.
Preparation-Cooking, Hachinu

“Tomorrow is a day of rest, a holy Sabbath of the Lord. Bake what you would bake and boil what you would boil.” Exodus 16:22-26

Cooking is traditionally prohibited because you are making something new. I would argue that with minute rice and soup in box available, cooking needn’t detract from the joy of the day, especially if you enjoy cooking.

“Six Days you shall labor and the seventh day shall be for you a Sabbath of Sabbaths to the Lord, anyone that does on it labor shall die. You shall not light fire in your dwelling on the Sabbath day.” Ex. 35:2-3

There are essentially two ways to approach Shabbat. The traditional one is to see Shabbat as a day when you have no needs, and you have prepared everything in advance. The act of preparing for Shabbat and setting things aside makes the time special. The ritual of preparing your meals in advance helps you appreciate them in a leisurely manner on Shabbat. For those who cannot find the time to prepare for Shabbat, they should endeavor to make their meals special in other ways. It’s always easier to create a Shabbat atmosphere at home with challah, wine, warm food, a nice meal, and some singing. You should use the Shabbat meals as times to treat yourself to an extra piece of cake. Ein Kaloriot BaShabbat. The problem of heating and baking can be superceded by the need to have a relaxing, pleasant Shabbat.
Preparation-Cleaning You shouldn’t clean anything on Shabbat that you don’t have to unless it makes you unhappy to not clean up. You should ideally clean as much as possible before Shabbat. Often, one feels a serenity fall upon oneself when looking upon one’s clean abode and feeling fresh and ready for Shabbat.
Cleanliness
Showering/Cleaning Shabbat is a day we should look our best. We should do most of our cleaning before Shabbat, but it is okay to shower, shampoo, put on skin care products.
Shaving/Plucking While ideally avoided on Shabbat, on the principle that Shabbat is a day to look nice, it is permitted. If possible, do any extra close job before Shabbat and then forgoe it the next day.
Makeup Traditionally forbidden, as a subcategory of painting, some makeup may be put on if it adds to the joy of Shabbat.
Work
School There are those who follow the letter of the law and will read texts for school or work. I follow the doctrine of uvdin dechol ?????? ????(#TY). If it’s not a pleasurable activity not for my weekday vocation, I will try to avoid it. In this system, nothing is forbidden, but certain things are discouraged.
Labor Traditionaly, moving furniture on shabbat wouldn’t be work if the furniture isn’t muqtseh. I have no problem with this unless you are rearranging your room. You shouldn’t make a productive change in your environment, unless you feel good by it.    
Vocational Whatever your day job is, don’t do it on Shabbat.

21 “Six days you shall work, but on the seventh day you shall cease from labor; you shall cease from labor even at plowing time and harvest time.” Sabbath labor, Exodus 34:21

“Even at plowing time and harvest time”. For the agricultural culture this text speaks to, this means that Shabbat observance is more important than your livliehood, even at the busiest time of the year. Shabbat trumps labor.

“Thus said the Lord: Guard yourselves for your own sake against carrying burdens on the Sabbath day, and bringing them through the gates of Jerusalem. Nor shall you carry out burdens from your houses on the Sabbath day, or do any work, but you shall hallow the Sabbath day, as I commanded your father.” Jeremiah 17:21-22

For Jeremiah, business activities were prohibited to the extent that even carrying something useful was prohibited.

    
Electricity Even though electricity doesn’t fall into one of the traditional categories (you’re not lighting a fire and closing a circuit isn’t really makeh bapatish#), it can clearly be employed for activities that aren’t shabbatistic. R’ Neulander(#?) in his teshuvah for the CJLS permitted electricity if used for oneg Shabbat, such as watching TV (Though R’ Klein disapproved). I would argue, that though one may watch TV on Shabbat, the programs should be relaxing or intellectually stimulating and only if you cannot find a non-TV activity to do. Desperate Houseswives is not a Shabbat-themed show.
Recreation
Hiking Sure, you can hike on Shabbat, but be extra respectful of nature. Don’t break off branches or leaves. And, even though the Torah specifically prohibits it, lighting a campfire can bring great joy and warmth. However, be extremely careful that the fire is under control, for it is likely in part due to the risk of a fire breaking out that it was originally prohibited.

“Six Days you shall labor and the seventh day shall be for you a Sabbath of Sabbaths to the Lord, anyone that does on it labor shall die. You shall not light fire in your dwelling on the Sabbath day.” Exodus 35:2-3

Though pretty clear in the Torah, I get around it because I think we can keep safe and it doesn’t take “work”. However, it should be prepared in advance if possible.

Also normally to light fire would be the hifil lehavir, but here the verb is the piel levaer, suggesting to keep lit. Additionally, a strict reading of the text only prohibits keeping a fire lit in your dwelling. I could argue that since we don’t need to stoke electricity, there is no prohibition to use electric light (?)
Shopping Recreational shopping is absolutely forbidden as it has no redeeming value and serves merely to waste money. However, on vacation, browsing the local shops is not a normal weekday activity, and hence is fine. I shop on Shabbat when I need something and I don’t feel pressured by the shopping.
Driving May be used for oneg Shabbat even though this is firmly against the traditional Halakha on many levels. Driving to shul, to family, to friends, or necessary trips is permitted. Driving on errands should be avoided unless the errand cannot be put off till after sunset.Traveling, flying. Can be done on Shabbat if necessary. Try to do something special to show it is shabbat (shammai saved something nice #) Kileahar yado
Shalom Bayit
No Halakhah/ Politics/ Debate on Shabbat I’ve been at anumber of Shabbat meals when the discussion would grow heated over some topic or other and someone would announce “Ein Politika baShabbat” or “Ein Halakha baShabbat” meaning that any topic which gets your blood boiling and is argumentative is forbidden on Shabbat.Keeping the Shabbat peace is an important concep.t On Shabbat we put aside our arguments with family, firends, loved ones, and even strangers. so that we may focus on our blessings and enjoy a day without conflict. Thatis not to say that you ignore the conflict entirely, but that you make an effort not to exacerbate it.
Punishments for Violations The punishment for Shabbat violations is either stoning (with warning), excommunication (without warning), sin offering,(without knowing) or lashes (for rabbinical prohibitions In the Torah, a man was stoned for gathering sticks but not for gathering manna (Ex. 16).I don’t see the need for punishments anymore since I no longer see Sabbath violations as a sin against the God/King. I see violations more as missing out on a wonderful part of our heritage.
Emergencies/ The Disabled/ Embarrassment In the time of the Maccabees, the rebels refused to fight and defend thesmelves on Shabbat. So many died, that the strict law of complete cessation on Shabbat was lifted for self-defense. This principle is found in Rabbinic literature as Pikuah Nefesh. It means something like “watching out for a soul”. Any commandment may be voided in the name of Pikuah Nefesh.I would extend this leniency to any activity in which we can “watch out for a soul” such as for the disabled, or even to avoid embarrassing someone.Anything is permitted in the case of an Emergency. The disabled should do as much as possible to observe Shabbat. Macabbees wouldn’t fight on Shabbat, but Halakha changed.

Sapattu

“On the other hand, davka the 15th day of the month is a day of the filling of the moon (compares ???, Prov. 7:20, Ps. 81:4), is called in Akkadian “šapattu/šabattu”, and on it as a New Moon, they would offer offerings especially to the God of the Moon. This day was called also “?m n?h libbi “The day of quieting of the heart (of the gods)” that is to say, the day on which it is possible to appease the gods with the cult and offerings. The connection between the Biblical Sabbath and between the days mentioned on the Mesopoamian calendars isn’t clear. It’s accepted by researchers that the Sabbath received its name from the Mesopotamian šapattu. That it is called a day of “rest” of the heart brings to mind the rest of the Sabbath. However, regarding the notion to sanctify davka the 7th day, its origin is maybe on the Mesopotamian calendars, that divided the month into units of 7 days. With this it is clear, that the Torah was careful to distinguish the foundation of the Sabbath from the foundations that preceded it and to award it a new meaning. The Biblical Sabbath was removed from the lunar calendar and established as an independent routine of 7 days, to bear witness to the creation of the world by YHWH, the God of Israel. From a day of bad luck, of chastisements, the Sabbath was changed to a day, holy and blessed, on which Man is commanded, and all the creatures that are dependent on him, to cease from labor and to rest.” Olam haTanakh, Bereshit p23. Also see [Sarna “Understanding Genesis” p20, notes 46, 47, 48, 49.]

Uvdin deHol

The method of the Yerushalmi and Tosefta is “because it is a workday activity” e.g. climbing a tree, riding an animal, slapping, clapping, dancing, (not because of fixing an instrument) judging, betrothing, or donating Terumah. From Tosefta Kefushuta by haGra”Sh Lieberman, Shabbat p.300 (note for p.100, ln 14-15, see lin 62 in Shabbat p17) Law in action,

Numbers 15:32 Once, when the Israelites were in the wilderness, they came upon a man gathering wood on the sabbath day. 33 Those who found him as he was gathering wood brought him before Moses, Aaron, and the whole community. 34 He was placed in custody, for it had not been specified what should be done to him. 35 Then the Lord said to Moses, “The man shall be put to death: the whole community shall pelt him with stones outside the camp.” 36 So the whole community took him outside the camp and stoned him to death — as the Lord had commanded Moses.

The 39 Labors?

Plowing, sowing, harvesting, bundling, threshing, winnowing, selecting, grinding, sifting, kneading and baking. Shearing the wool, bleaching it, combing it, dyeing it, spinning, stretching it, two moves of the shuttle on the loom, weaving two threads, cutting two threads, tying, untying, sewing two stitches, and ripping in order to sew two stitches. Trapping a deer, slaughtering it, skinning it, salting it, tanning its skin, removing the fur, and cutting it into strips. Writing two letters and Erasing in order to write two letters. Building and Demolishing. Extinguishing and Igniting. Finishing the labor. Bringing from one domain to another. (M Shabbat 7:2)

Punishments: Mishnah Sanhedrin 7:4,8

7:4 These are the stoned: He that comes on the mother, and on the wife of the father, and on the daughter-in-law, and on the male, and on the animal, and the woman who makes the animal come, and the blasphemer, and the alien worshiper, and he that gives from his seed to Molech, and the necromancer and soothsayer, and the sorcerer, and the wayward and rebellious son. …7:8 The desecrator of the Sabbath, of the thing that one is liable for knowing [without warning]: Excommunication, and on accident: a Sin Offering. …

Stoning: Mishnah Sanhedrin 6:1-4

6:1 The judgement is passed, they bring him to stone him. The stoning house was outside of the court, as is said (Lev. 24) “Bring out the curser”. One stands at the entrance to the court with a scarf in his hand (and one man rides). The horse is far from him in order that they see him. If one says “I have a reason he’s innocent”, that one waves the scarf and the horse runs and stands him up. And even if he says “I have a reason that I’m innocent” they return him even four or five times, as long as there is substance to his words. They found merit to his case, they exempt him [from punishment], and if not, they bring him out to be stoned. And a crier goes out before him “Ploni son of Ploni is going out to be stoned for transgressing such and such transgression and Ploni and Ploni are his witnesses. Any that knows reason for his innocence, come and give it”. 6:2 They were far from the stoning house, some 10 cubits, they say to him “Confess”, for such is the way of the condemned to death to confess, that all who confess have a portion in the world to come. For so have we found with Achan that said to Joshua (Joshua 7:19-20)”My son, place, pray, honor to YHWH, the God of Israel, and give him confession etc.” And from where that his confession atoned for him? As is said (there), “And Joshua said ‘what have you sullied us, YHWH will sully you on this day, today you are sullied’”(Joshua 7:35) And are you sullied for the world to come? And if he doesn’t know how to confess, they said to him “say ‘Be my death atonement for my iniquities’” Rabbi Yehuda says “If he knew he was set up, he says ‘be my death atonement for all my iniquities except for this one’” They [the sages] said to him, “If so, every person would say this to cleanse himself” 6:3They were far from the stoning house 4 cubits, they remove his clothes. If a man, they cover him in front. If a woman, in front and in back, the words of Rabbi yehuda. And the Sages say “The man is stoned naked and a woman isn’t stoned naked” 6:4 The stoning house was two floors tall. (Or “The place of stoning was twice a man’s height.”) One of the witnesses pushes him on his hips [side] so that he fell on his chest. They turn him over to his hips [back]. If he dies of it, fulfilled [the obligation to stone]. And if not, the second [witness] takes the stone and puts it on his chest [lit. heart]. If he dies of it, fulfilled. And if not, all the people of Israel pelt him [with stones] as is said (Deut 17) “The hand of the witnesses will be on him at first to kill him, and the hand of the people afterward”. All that are stoned are hung, words of Rabbi Eliezer. And the sages say, “Only the blasphemer and the alien worshiper.” The man is hung his face towards the people, and the woman, her face towards the tree, word of Rabbi Eliezer. And the Sages say “The man is hung and the woman isn’t hung”. Said to them Rabbi Eliezer, “And did not Shim’on ben Shetach hang women at Ashkelon?” They said to him “Eighty women he hung, and we don’t judge two on one day”. How do we hang him? Drive the board into the earth, and the wood sticks out of it. Encircle his two hands one on the other and hang him by them. Rabbi Yose says “The board is inclined on the wall and we hang him like the butchers do” And we untie him immediately. And if he stays [overnight], you transgress on a prohibition, as is said (Deut 21), “Don’t let his corpse stay [overnight] on the tree, for you shall surely bury him (on that day) for a mighty curse is hanging etc.” Which is to say, for what is it hung? Because he blessed [=cursed] the Name and the Name of Heaven was desecrated.

Uvdin d’Hol - ?????? ????, Weekday activities on Shabbat (not Shabbosdich) see TY Beitsa 19b for examples of explanations more in line with Uvdin d’Hol than “gezeira shema”. Sourced to haGra”sh Lieberman’s Tosefta kiFshuta Beitza. More sources forthcoming.

Translation of the underlined parts:

Mishnah Beitza TY 19b 5:2 “These are [prohibited on Shabbat] because of Shevut:  Not going up a tree, not riding on an animal, not sailing on the water, not slapping hands, thighs or dancing”

“[re: climbing a tree] Perhaps he’ll forget and eat or perhaps he’ll forget and shake”

“[re: riding an animal] Taught R’ Aha bar Papa before R’ Zeira “It’s different because it is  a mitzvah or resting an animal and the like”

“Slapping from anger… thigh slapping in pleasure.. As R’ Yona was reclining in the day and was thigh-slapping with the back of his hand, on Shabbat it was… Rebbe was reclining before R’ Shimeon his son and was thigh-slapping with the back of their hands on Shabbat, passed R’ Meir and heard their sounds, and said ‘Did my masters permit on Shabbat?’ R’ Kalyiah and said ‘Who is this that comes to rule us in our homes?’

“[re: dancing] R’ Leazer says All  making noise is prohibited.  R’ Shmuel bar Rav Yitshak reasons ‘hitting like forgot one(?)’ R’ Leil Bar R’ Ilem ‘Hitting on a chair.  R’ Ile a poor person in the hallway left his house and was found …(?)…  on his ladder because of not hitting on the Tir’a on Shabbat…. “  (Need to look up a few things)

?? ??,? ??? ? ???? ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??”? ???? ?”? ???? ??? ??? ?”? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????:
?? ??,? ??? ? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?,? ??? ? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??”? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?”? ????? ????? ?”? ????? ????? ?????? ?”? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?”? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?’ ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?’ ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?”? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?’ ??? ?? ??? ???? ?’ ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? (???? ??) ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?”? ?????? ????? ?”? ??? ?????? ??? ?’ ???? ???? ???????? ?’ ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?”? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?”? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?”? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???: ??? ???? ?? ??? ????: ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??’ ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?”? ??? ??? ??’ ????? ??? ??? ??”? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?,? ??? ? ???? ? ???? ?”? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????: ??? ??????: ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? (????? ??) ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????: ??? ??????: ????? ???? ?????? ?’ ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??”? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??”? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?”? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?’ ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?”? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????’ ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??”? ????? ?’ ?? ????? ???? ????? ??”? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??”? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????”? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????: ??? ??????: ?’ ????? ?’ ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?”? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?’ ??? ?? ?’ ??? ??? ?? ??? ?’ ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?’ ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?”? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?’ ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?’ ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?”? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?”? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????: ??? ????: ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?’ ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??”? ??? ????’ ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??”? ??? ???”? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?’ ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??”? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??”? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????: ??? ??????: ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?’ ???? ?’ ??? ??? ?’ ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??”? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? (?????? ??) ????? ?????? ???? (?????? ??) ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??,? ??? ? ???? ? ???? ?????: ??? ???????: ?’ ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?’ ????? ????”? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?’ ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??”? ???”? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??”? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?”? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??”? ??????? ?”? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??”? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?”? ???? ?????? ??”? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????: ?? ??? ??”? ???? ?”? ????: ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??”? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??”? ???? ??”? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??”? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??”? ??? ?? ???? ?”? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??’ ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??”?: ??? ??? ?”? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????. ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?’ ????? ???? ??’ ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?’ ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? (???? ??) ?? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??”? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? (???? ??) ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?’ ????? ?? ??,? ??? ? ???? ? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??”? ?????? ?’ ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?’ ????? ?”? ?? ????? ??? ?????:

  • Pages

  • Tags

  • Recent Posts

  • Recent Comments

  • Categories

  • Meta

  • Stats

  • Feed

    Enter your email address:

    Delivered by FeedBurner